QUOTE | “Today, we’ve shut down the altright.com server and a number of accounts associated with the events in Charlottesville. We will continue to take action. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing. Smalltalk - Wikipedia. Smalltalk. Paradigm. Object- oriented. Designed by. Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg. Developer. Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Diana Merry, Scott Wallace, Peter Deutsch and Xerox PARCFirst appeared. Stable release. Smalltalk- 8. ![]() Typing discipline. Strong, dynamic. OSCross- platform (multi- platform)Major implementations. Amber, Dolphin Smalltalk, Gem. Stone/S, GNU Smalltalk, Pharo, Smalltalk/X, Squeak, VA Smalltalk, Visual. Works. Influenced by. Lisp,[1]Simula,[1]Euler,[1]IMP,[1]Planner,[1]Logo,[2]Sketchpad,[1]ARPAnet,[1]Burroughs B5. Influenced. Apple. Script, Common Lisp Object System, Dart, Dylan, Erlang, Etoys, Falcon, Go, Groovy, Io, Ioke, Java, Lasso, Lisaac, Logtalk, Newton. Script, Object REXX, Objective- C, PHP 5, Perl 6, Python, Ruby, Scala, Scratch, Self. Smalltalk is an object- oriented, dynamically typed, reflectiveprogramming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis."[2] It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and others during the 1. The language was first generally released as Smalltalk- 8. Smalltalk- like languages are in continuing active development and have gathered loyal communities of users around them. ANSI Smalltalk was ratified in 1. Smalltalk.[3]Smalltalk took second place for "most loved programming language" in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey in 2. History[edit]There are a large number of Smalltalk variants.[5] The unqualified word Smalltalk is often used to indicate the Smalltalk- 8. Smalltalk was the product of research led by Alan Kay at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC); Alan Kay designed most of the early Smalltalk versions, Adele Goldberg wrote most of the documentation, and Dan Ingalls implemented most of the early versions. The first version, known as Smalltalk- 7. Kay in a few mornings on a bet that a programming language based on the idea of message passing inspired by Simula could be implemented in "a page of code."[2] A later variant actually used for research work is now known as Smalltalk- 7. Actor model. Its syntax and execution model were very different from modern Smalltalk variants. After significant revisions which froze some aspects of execution semantics to gain performance (by adopting a Simula- like class inheritance model of execution), Smalltalk- 7. This system had a development environment featuring most of the now familiar tools, including a class library code browser/editor. Smalltalk- 8. 0 added metaclasses, to help maintain the "everything is an object" (except private instance variables) paradigm by associating properties and behavior with individual classes, and even primitives such as integer and boolean values (for example, to support different ways of creating instances). Smalltalk- 8. 0 was the first language variant made available outside of PARC, first as Smalltalk- 8. Version 1, given to a small number of firms (Hewlett- Packard, Apple Computer, Tektronix, and DEC) and universities (UC Berkeley) for "peer review" and implementation on their platforms. Later (in 1. 98. 3) a general availability implementation, known as Smalltalk- 8. Version 2, was released as an image (platform- independent file with object definitions) and a virtual machine specification. ANSI Smalltalk has been the standard language reference since 1. Two of the currently popular Smalltalk implementation variants are descendants of those original Smalltalk- 8. Squeak is an open source implementation derived from Smalltalk- 8. Version 1 by way of Apple Smalltalk. Visual. Works is derived from Smalltalk- 8. Smalltalk- 8. 0 2. Object. Works (both products of Parc. Place Systems, a Xerox PARC spin- off company formed to bring Smalltalk to the market). As an interesting link between generations, in 2. Vassili Bykov implemented Hobbes, a virtual machine running Smalltalk- 8. Visual. Works.[7] (Dan Ingalls later ported Hobbes to Squeak.)During the late 1. Smalltalk environments—including support, training and add- ons—were sold by two competing organizations: Parc. Place Systems and Digitalk, both California based. Parc. Place Systems tended to focus on the Unix/Sun microsystems market, while Digitalk focused on Intel- based PCs running Microsoft Windows or IBM's OS/2. Both firms struggled to take Smalltalk mainstream due to Smalltalk's substantial memory needs, limited run- time performance, and initial lack of supported connectivity to SQL- based relational database servers. While the high price of Parc. Place Smalltalk limited its market penetration to mid- sized and large commercial organizations, the Digitalk products initially tried to reach a wider audience with a lower price. IBM initially supported the Digitalk product, but then entered the market with a Smalltalk product in 1. Visual. Age/Smalltalk. Easel introduced Enfin at this time on Windows and OS/2. Enfin became far more popular in Europe, as IBM introduced it into IT shops before their development of IBM Smalltalk (later Visual. Age). Enfin was later acquired by Cincom Systems, and is now sold under the name Object. Studio, and is part of the Cincom Smalltalk product suite. In 1. 99. 5, Parc. Place and Digitalk merged into Parc. Place- Digitalk and then rebranded in 1. Object. Share, located in Irvine, CA. Object. Share (NASDAQ: OBJS) was traded publicly until 1. The merged firm never managed to find an effective response to Java as to market positioning, and by 1. In 1. 99. 9, Seagull Software acquired the Object. Share Java development lab (including the original Smalltalk/V and Visual Smalltalk development team), and still owns Visual. Smalltalk, although worldwide distribution rights for the Smalltalk product remained with Object. Share who then sold them to Cincom.[8] Visual. Works was sold to Cincom and is now part of Cincom Smalltalk. Cincom has backed Smalltalk strongly, releasing multiple new versions of Visual. Works and Object. Studio each year since 1. Cincom, Gemstone and Object Arts, plus other vendors continue to sell Smalltalk environments. IBM has 'end of life'd Visual. Age Smalltalk having in the late 1. Java and it is, as of 2. Instantiations, Inc.[9] which has renamed the product VA Smalltalk and released several new versions. The open Squeak implementation has an active community of developers, including many of the original Smalltalk community, and has recently been used to provide the Etoys environment on the OLPC project, a toolkit for developing collaborative applications Croquet Project, and the Open Cobalt virtual world application. GNU Smalltalk is a free software implementation of a derivative of Smalltalk- 8. GNU project. Pharo Smalltalk is a fork of Squeak oriented towards research and use in commercial environments. A significant development, that has spread across all current Smalltalk environments, is the increasing usage of two web frameworks, Seaside and AIDA/Web, to simplify the building of complex web applications. Seaside has seen considerable market interest with Cincom, Gemstone and Instantiations incorporating and extending it. Influences[edit]Smalltalk was one of many object- oriented programming languages based on Simula.[1. Smalltalk is also one of the most influential programming languages. Virtually all of the object- oriented languages that came after—Flavors,[1. CLOS, Objective- C, Java, Python, Ruby,[1. Smalltalk. Smalltalk was also one of the most popular languages with the Agile Methods, Rapid Prototyping, and Software Patterns[1. The highly productive environment provided by Smalltalk platforms made them ideal for rapid, iterative development. Smalltalk emerged from a larger program of ARPA funded research that in many ways defined the modern world of computing. In addition to Smalltalk, working prototypes of things such as hypertext, GUIs, multimedia, the mouse, telepresence, and the Internet were developed by ARPA researchers in the 1. Alan Kay (one of the inventors of Smalltalk) also described a tablet computer he called the Dynabook which resembles modern tablet computers like the i. Pad.[1. 6]Smalltalk environments were often the first to develop what are now common object- oriented software design patterns. One of the most popular is the Model–view–controller pattern for User Interface design.
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